Cybersecurity for environmental data integrity: legal perspectives on safeguarding water and soil management system
Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
- 1 Al-Turath University, Baghdad 10013, Iraq
- 2 Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 10067, Iraq
- 3 Al-Mamoon University College, Baghdad 10012, Iraq
- 4 Al-Rafidain University College Baghdad 10064, Iraq
- 5 Madenat Alelem University College, Baghdad 10006, Iraq
- 6 Faculty of Engineering, Bu Ali University, Hamedan, Iran
- 7 Assoc. Professor, Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil
Abstract
The increasing reliance on digital infrastructure for managing environmental data requires a greater focus on cybersecurity threats. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of current cybersecurity laws in protecting environmental data, identify significant regulatory gaps, and propose strategic actions for enhancing and harmonizing legal frameworks. These goals were achieved using a mixed-methods approach, including quantitative analysis of 100 documented cyber incidents across various sectors, qualitative interviews with policymakers and experts, and comparative analysis of legal frameworks such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Network and Information Systems (NIS) Directive, and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) guidelines. Mathematical modeling (from intermediate to advanced levels) was also used to estimate how regulatory strength influences the likelihood of data breaches and sustainability under multiple scenarios of uncertainty. Results show that strong regulatory frameworks can reduce the likelihood of a breach by 40% and mitigate sustainability impacts by 85%, while weak regulatory environments increase breach rates and compromise data integrity. Effective enforcement, adaptability, and global cybersecurity standards are crucial, with higher compliance costs associated with greater reductions in financial losses, ensuring dependable environmental information for worldwide sustainability.
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